HEAT TRANSFER BASICS Concise introduction to heat transfer, with a focus on worked example problems to aid in reader comprehension and student learning
Heat Transfer Basics covers the essential topics of heat transfer in a focused manner, starting with an introduction to heat transfer that explains its relationship to thermodynamics and fluid mechanics and continuing on to key topics such as free convection, boiling and condensation, radiation, heat exchangers, and more, for an accessible and reader-friendly yet comprehensive treatment of the subject.
Each chapter features multiple worked out example problems, including derivations of key governing equations and comparisons of worked solutions with computer modeled results, which helps students become familiar with the types of problems they will encounter in the field. Throughout the book, figures and diagrams liberally illustrate the concepts discussed, and practice problems allow students to test their understanding of the content. The text is accompanied by an online instructor’s manual.
Heat Transfer Basics includes information on:
One-dimensional, steady-state conduction, covering the plane wall, the composite wall, solid and hollow cylinders and sphere, conduction with and without internal energy generation, and conduction with constant and temperature-dependent thermal conductivity
Heat transfer from extended surfaces, fins of uniform and variable cross-sectional area, fin performance, and overall fin efficiency Transient conduction, covering general lumped capacitance solution method, one- and multi-dimensional transient conduction, and the finite-difference method for solving transient problems Free and forced convection, covering hydrodynamic and thermal considerations, the energy balance, and thermal analysis and convection correlations
More advanced than introductory textbooks yet not as overwhelming as textbooks targeted at specialists, Heat Transfer Basics is ideal for students in introductory and advanced heat transfer courses who do not intend to specialize in heat transfer, and is a helpful reference for advanced students and practicing engineers.
Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv List of Symbols xvii About the Companion Website xxi 1 Basic Concepts of Heat and Mass Transfer 1 1.1 Heat Transfer and Its Relationship With Thermodynamics 1 1.2 Heat Conduction 3 1.3 Heat Convection 6 1.4 Thermal Radiation 8 1.5 Mass Transfer 11 2 One-Dimensional Steady-State Heat Conduction 19 2.1 General Heat Conduction Equation 19 2.1.1 Cartesian Coordinate System 19 2.1.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System 22 2.1.3 Spherical Coordinate System 23 2.2 Special Conditions of the General Conduction Equation 25 2.2.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity k With Energy Storage and Generation 25 2.2.2 Variable Thermal Conductivity and No Internal Energy Storage and Generation 26 2.2.3 Variable Thermal Conductivity With Internal Energy Generation and No Energy Storage 26 2.3 One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction 26 2.3.1 Plane Wall (or Plate) Without Heat Generation and Storage 26 2.3.1.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 26 2.3.1.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 28 2.3.1.3 Composite Plane Wall 31 2.3.2 Boundary Conditions 33 2.3.3 Hollow Cylinder (Tube) Without Heat Generation and Storage 36 2.3.3.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 36 2.3.3.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 38 2.3.3.3 Composite Cylinder 41 2.3.3.4 Critical Thickness of Cylinder Insulation 43 2.3.3.5 Effect of Order of Insulation Material 47 2.3.4 Hollow Spherical Shell Without Heat Generation and Storage 48 2.3.4.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 48 2.3.4.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 49 2.3.4.3 Composite Spherical Shell 51 2.3.5 Plate With Internal Heat Generation, No Heat Storage, and Uniform Heat Dissipation By Convection 54 2.3.5.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 54 2.3.5.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 56 2.3.6 Plate With Internal Heat Generation and Non-Uniform Heat Dissipation By Convection 57 2.3.6.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 58 2.3.6.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 59 2.3.7 Solid Cylinder With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection 60 2.3.7.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 60 2.3.7.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 62 2.3.8 Hollow Cylinder With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection From the Outer Surface 62 2.3.8.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 62 2.3.8.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 65 2.3.9 Hollow Cylinder With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection From the Inner Surface 65 2.3.9.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 65 2.3.9.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 67 2.3.10 Hollow Cylinder With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection From Both Inner and Outer Surfaces 68 2.3.10.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 68 2.3.10.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 71 2.3.11 Solid Sphere With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection and No Heat Storage 72 2.3.11.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 73 2.3.11.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 75 2.3.12 Hollow Sphere With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection From the Outer Surface and No Heat Storage 76 2.3.12.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 76 2.3.12.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 78 2.3.13 Hollow Sphere With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection From the Inner Surface and No Heat Storage 79 2.3.13.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 79 2.3.13.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 81 2.3.14 Hollow Sphere With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection From Both the Inner and Outer Surfaces and No Heat Storage 82 2.3.14.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 83 2.3.14.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity With Specified Inner and Outer Surface Temperature 87 2.4 Interface Contact Resistance 89 3 Heat Transfer From Extended Surfaces 97 3.1 Pin Fin of Rectangular Profile and Circular Cross-Section 98 3.1.1 Pin Fin of Finite Length and Un-Insulated Tip 98 3.1.2 Pin Fin of Finite Length and Insulated Tip 102 3.1.3 Pin Fin of Infinite Length 103 3.1.4 Fin Efficiency 105 3.2 Straight Fin of Rectangular Profile and Uniform Thickness 106 3.3 Pin Fin of Triangular Profile and Circular Cross-Section (Conical Pin Fin) 109 3.4 Straight Fins of Variable Cross-Sectional Area 110 3.4.1 Fin of Trapezoidal Profile 111 3.4.2 Direct Solution of the Straight Fin of Trapezoidal Profile 115 3.4.3 Straight Fin of Triangular Profile 117 3.4.4 Correction Factor Solution Method for Straight Fins of Variable Cross-Sectional Area 119 3.4.5 Straight Fin of Convex Parabolic Profile 121 3.4.6 Straight Fin of Concave Parabolic Profile 125 3.5 Annular Fins 126 3.5.1 Straight Annular Fin of Uniform Thickness 126 3.5.2 Direct Solution of the Straight Annular Fin of Uniform Thickness 129 3.5.3 Correction Factor Solution Method for Annular Fins of Uniform Thickness 132 3.5.4 Circular (Annular) Fin of Triangular Profile 134 3.5.5 Annular Fin of Hyperbolic Profile 136 3.6 Other Fin Shapes 137 3.7 Heat Transfer Through Finned Walls 138 4 Two-Dimensional Steady-State Heat Conduction 151 4.1 Analytical Method 151 4.1.1 Two-Dimensional Plate With Finite Length and Width and Constant Boundary Conditions 154 4.1.1.1 Temperature Distribution 154 4.1.1.2 Rate of Heat Transfer 157 4.1.2 Two-Dimensional Plate With Finite Length and Nonconstant Boundary Conditions 159 4.1.2.1 Temperature Distribution 159 4.1.2.2 Rate of Heat Transfer 161 4.1.3 Two-Dimensional Plate With Semi-Infinite Length 161 4.1.4 Other Boundary Conditions 163 4.1.5 Two-Dimensional Semi-Circular Plate (Or Cylinder) With Prescribed Boundary Conditions 165 4.2 Conduction Shape Factor Method 166 4.3 Numerical Solution of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction Problems 172 4.3.1 Interior Node 173 4.3.2 Plane-Surface Node 175 4.3.3 Interior Node Near Curved Surface 176 4.3.4 Finite Difference Formulation in Cylindrical Coordinates 181 4.4 Solution Methods for Finite-Difference Models 182 4.4.1 Matrix Inversion Method 182 4.4.2 Iterative Methods (Gauss–Seidel Method) 188 5 Transient Conduction 195 5.1 Analytical Solutions of One-Dimensional Distributed Systems 196 5.1.1 Heating or Cooling of an Infinite Plate 196 5.1.2 Analysis of the Plate Solution 199 5.1.2.1 Other Boundary Conditions 201 5.1.3 Heating or Cooling of an Infinite Solid Cylinder 202 5.1.4 Heating or Cooling of a Sphere 206 5.1.5 Heisler Charts 209 5.2 Time-Dependent and Spatially Uniform Temperature Distribution 210 5.2.1 Lumped Capacitance Method 211 5.3 Multi-Dimensional Transient Conduction Systems 214 5.3.1 Long Rectangular Bar 214 5.3.2 Short Cylinder 216 5.3.3 Rectangular Parallelepiped 218 5.4 Finite-Difference Method for Solving Transient Conduction Problems 221 5.4.1 Explicit Finite-Difference Method 221 5.4.1.1 One-Dimensional Transient Conduction 222 5.4.1.2 Two-Dimensional Transient Conduction 224 5.4.2 Implicit Finite-Difference Method 226 5.4.2.1 One-Dimensional Transient Conduction 226 5.4.2.2 Two-Dimensional Transient Conduction 227 5.4.3 Finite Difference Formulation in Cylindrical Coordinates 227 6 Fundamentals of Convection Heat Transfer 243 6.1 Convection Governing Equation 243 6.2 Viscosity 244 6.3 Types of Flow 244 6.4 The Hydrodynamic (Velocity) Boundary Layer 245 6.4.1 Flow Over a Flat Plate 245 6.4.2 Flow Inside a Cylindrical Tube 246 6.4.3 Flow Over Tube or Sphere 247 6.5 The Thermal Boundary Layer 249 6.6 Dimensional Analysis 250 6.6.1 The Rayleigh Method 252 6.6.2 Buckingham Pi (Π or π) Theorem 255 6.7 Geometric Similarity and Other Considerations 258 7 Forced Convection – External Flows 263 7.1 Flow Over a Flat Plate 263 7.1.1 Laminar Flow Over a Flat Plate 263 7.1.2 Turbulent Flow Over a Flat Plate 268 7.2 Flow Over a Cylindrical Tube 271 7.3 Tube Banks in Crossflow 274 7.3.1 Banks of Smooth Tubes 275 7.3.2 Banks of Rough Staggered Tubes 277 7.4 Flow Over Non-Circular Tubes 279 7.5 Flow Over Spheres 279 8 Forced Convection – Internal Flows 285 8.1 Forced Convection Inside Tubes 285 8.2 Laminar Forced Convection (Region I) 286 8.2.1 Fully Developed Flow 287 8.2.2 Non-Circular Tubes 290 8.2.3 Laminar Forced Convection Correlations 291 8.3 Turbulent Forced Convection (Region III) 294 8.3.1 Forced Convection for Flow in the Transition Region (Region II) 299 9 Natural (Free) Convection 305 9.1 Boundary Layer in Free Convection 305 9.2 Governing Equation for Laminar Boundary Layer 306 9.3 Application of Dimensional Analysis to Natural Convection 308 9.4 Empirical Correlations for Natural Convection 310 9.4.1 Vertical Plates 311 9.4.2 Horizontal Plates 312 9.4.3 Inclined Plates 314 9.4.4 Long Horizontal Cylinder 314 9.4.5 Spheres 315 9.4.6 Flow in Channels 315 9.4.7 Flow in Closed Spaces 316 9.4.7.1 Vertical Rectangular Cavity 316 9.4.7.2 Horizontal Fluid Layer 317 9.4.7.3 Concentric Cylinders 319 9.4.7.4 Concentric Spheres 320 9.5 Mixed Free and Forced Convection 323 10 Thermal Radiation 327 10.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 328 10.2 Definitions and Radiation Properties 328 10.3 Shape Factors 333 10.3.1 Reciprocity Rule 334 10.3.2 Summation Rule 335 10.3.3 Superposition Rule 336 10.3.4 Symmetry Rule 337 10.3.5 String Rule 338 10.4 Determination of Shape Factors for Finite Surfaces 340 10.5 Shape Factor Equations 344 11 Thermal Radiation 361 11.1 Radiation Exchange Between Two Grey Surfaces 361 11.2 Thermal Radiation Networks 363 11.2.1 Grey Object in Grey Enclosure 363 11.2.2 Radiation Exchange Between Two Grey Surfaces 364 11.2.3 Three Infinitely Long Parallel Planes 364 11.2.4 Radiation Exchange Between Several Grey Surfaces 366 11.2.5 Enclosure With Four Long Grey Surfaces That See Each Other 368 11.2.6 Enclosure With Three Long Grey Surfaces That See Each Other 369 11.2.7 Three Surfaces With One of Them Insulated 370 11.2.8 Two Parallel Flat Plates of Equal Finite Size in Very Large Room 371 11.2.9 Two Surfaces With One of Them Insulated in Large Room 371 11.3 Radiation Exchange With Participating Medium 374 11.3.1 Absorption of Radiation 375 11.3.2 Gaseous Emission 375 11.3.3 Gas-Mass to Surface Radiation Heat Transfer 378 11.4 Combined Radiation and Convection 384 12 Heat Exchangers 391 12.1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 391 12.2 The LMTD Method of Heat Exchanger Analysis 394 12.2.1 Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers 394 12.2.2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 398 12.2.3 Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers 402 12.2.4 LMTD Thermal Design Procedure 405 12.3 The Effectiveness-NTU Method of Heat-Exchanger Analysis 408 12.3.1 Effectiveness-NTU Relation for Parallel-Flow Exchanger 409 12.3.2 Effectiveness-NTU Relation for Counter-Flow Exchanger 411 12.3.3 Other Types of Heat Exchangers 413 12.3.4 Effectiveness-NTU Thermal Design Procedure 413 13 Heat Transfer With Phase Change 425 13.1 Heat Transfer in Condensing Vapours 425 13.1.1 Filmwise Condensation 425 13.1.2 Flow Regimes of the Condensate Film 430 13.1.2.1 Laminar Flow Regime 431 13.1.2.2 Laminar Wavy Regime 431 13.1.2.3 Turbulent Flow Regime 433 13.1.3 Film Condensation Outside Horizontal Tubes 435 13.1.4 Film Condensation Inside Horizontal Tubes 438 13.1.4.1 Laminar Flow 438 13.1.4.2 Turbulent Flow 439 13.1.5 Dropwise Condensation 441 13.2 Boiling Heat Transfer 442 13.2.1 Pool Boiling 442 13.2.2 Film Boiling 446 13.2.3 Forced-Convection Boiling 447 14 Mass Transfer 453 14.1 Species Concentrations 453 14.2 Diffusion Mass Transfer 456 14.3 Steady Mass Diffusion Through a Plane Wall 460 14.4 Diffusion of Vapour Through a Stationary Gas 461 14.5 Steady-State Equimolar Counter Diffusion 463 14.6 Mass Convection 465 14.6.1 Forced Mass Convection Correlations 466 14.6.2 Natural (Free) Mass Convection Correlations 468 14.7 Simultaneous Mass and Heat Transfer 470 Appendices Appendix B 477 Appendix C 491 Appendix D 495 Appendix N 501 References 509 Index 513
Jamil Ghojel, Ph.D. is a retired academic with 25 years’ experience of teaching undergraduate and graduate mechanical and aerospace engineering courses in heat engines and heat transfer. He has held positions at the University of Damascus (Syria), the University of Michigan (USA), the University of Melbourne (Australia), and Monash University (Australia). He has conducted extensive research on heat engines and is the author of the Wiley-ASME Press book Fundamentals of Heat Engines: Reciprocating and Gas Turbine Internal Combustion Engines.
