Jacaranda Humanities Alive 9 Australian Curriculum 3e learnON and Print

About This Resource ix Acknowledgements xvi Understanding cognitive verbs 1 History 2 1 History Concepts and Skills 4 1.1 Overview 5 1.2 Concepts in History 6 1.3 Skills in History 15 1.4 SkillBuilder: Sequencing events in chronological order 1.5 SkillBuilder: Determining historical significance 1.6 SkillBuilder: Analysing cartoons 1.7 SkillBuilder: Analysing photos in WWI 1.8 SkillBuilder: Identifying continuity and change 1.9 SkillBuilder: Analysing different perspectives 1.10 SkillBuilder: Analysing cause and effect 1.11 Review 20 2 Australia (1750–1918): Colonisation and Conflict 22 2.1 Overview 23 2.2 How do we know about race relations in colonial Australia? 25 2.3 Where and why did the European powers have colonies in the late eighteenth century? 29 2.4 Did convict transportation to Australia create or solve problems? 34 2.5 Why did the colonists and First Nations Australians come into conflict? 38 2.6 Who were Australia’s First Nations leaders in the fight against colonial control? 45 2.7 What happened on Australia’s colonial frontier? 49 2.8 Where was Australia Felix? 55 2.9 What did ‘civilisation’ mean for the First Nations Australians? 62 2.10 Why are there two images of colonial Australia? 68 2.11 How did colonisation impact on the traditions and beliefs of the Peoples of the Torres Strait? 74 2.12 INQUIRY: Protected lives? 79 2.13 Why a ‘White Australia’? 81 2.14 Review 87 3 Australia (1750–1918): From Colonies to Nationhood 92 3.1 Overview 93 3.2 How do we know about late colonial and early twentieth-century Australia? 95 3.3 How did migration create colonial Australia? 98 3.4 How did the gold rushes change the face of Australia? 105 3.5 Why was Eureka of significance to the development of Australia? 113 3.6 What was the influence of the selectors and who were the squatters? 120 3.7 Why was Melbourne marvellous? 125 3.8 How equal was colonial Australian society? 130 3.9 When did the trade unions develop? 135 3.10 Who shaped the Australian colonial identity? 140 3.11 INQUIRY: The Federation Game 146 3.12 When did Australian women gain political rights? 148 3.13 Why did the colonies move to Federation? 154 3.14 What made Australia’s Commonwealth? 162 3.15 Review 168 4 World War I (1914–1918) 174 4.1 Overview 175 4.2 How do we know about World War I? 177 4.3 What caused World War I? 180 4.4 Where was the war fought? 187 4.5 Why did Australians enlist and where did they fight? 191 4.6 Why did Australians fight at Gallipoli? 195 4.7 Why have aspects of the Gallipoli campaign been contested? 200 4.8 What were the hardships of trench warfare? 203 4.9 What were the experiences of Anzac troops on the Western Front? 207 4.10 How did the war impact the Australian home front? 211 4.11 How did the conscription issue divide Australians? 218 4.12 Why did the war on the Eastern Front lead to revolution and Russian withdrawal from the war? 222 4.13 What was the war’s aftermath and how has it been commemorated? 227 4.14 How did the war affect Australia’s international relations? 233 4.15 INQUIRY: Other battles of World War I 238 4.16 Review 239 5 The Industrial Revolution: Technology and Progress 244 5.1 Overview 245 5.2 How do we know about the Industrial Revolution? 247 5.3 Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain? 250 5.4 How did changes in agriculture result in changes in society? 254 5.5 How did Empire fuel the revolution? 260 5.6 What did investment have to do with the Industrial Revolution? 265 5.7 How did new power sources drive the Industrial Revolution? 269 5.8 Why was coal and iron so vital? 277 5.9 How did transport drive the Industrial Revolution? 281 5.10 How was the Industrial Revolution ‘exported’ around the world? 288 5.11 INQUIRY: Promoting industrialisation 292 5.12 Review 294 6 The Industrial Revolution: The Impact on People 300 6.1 Overview 301 6.2 How do we know about the Industrial Revolution’s impact on people? 303 6.3 How did enclosure change lives? 306 6.4 Did conditions in factories and mines change over time? 311 6.5 How were children exploited and protected? 316 6.6 How did the Industrial Revolution create urbanisation? 320 6.7 How did the Industrial Revolution help create the slave trade? 323 6.8 What happened to those ‘left behind’? 332 6.9 How did people legally, and illegally, challenge the conditions of the time? 336 6.10 Why was the French Revolution a turning point in history? 341 6.11 What new ideas for society were formed during the Industrial Revolution? 346 6.12 Who led the movement for changes in working and living conditions? 354 6.13 Why do people move? 358 6.14 INQUIRY: What was it like to grow up in an industrial town? 365 6.15 Review 366 7 China (1750–1918) 372 7.1 Overview 373 7.2 How do we know about China from 1750–1918? 375 7.3 What was life like during the Qing dynasty? 379 7.4 How did foreign contact impact China? 385 7.5 Why did contact lead to conflict? 389 7.6 How did China change internally? 394 7.7 How did resistance become revolution? 400 7.8 INQUIRY: Key events visual summary 408 7.9 Review 410 Geography 416 8 Geographical Skills and Concepts 418 8.1 Overview 419 8.2 Concepts in Geography 420 8.3 Skills used in Geography 425 8.4 SkillBuilder: Describing spatial relationships in thematic maps 8.5 SkillBuilder: Describing divergence graphs 8.6 SkillBuilder: Describing patterns and correlations on a topographic map 8.7 SkillBuilder: Interpreting satellite images to show change over time 8.8 SkillBuilder: Constructing and describing a transect on a topographic map 8.9 SkillBuilder: Constructing multiple line and cumulative line graphs 8.10 SkillBuilder: Constructing a land use map8.11 SkillBuilder: Creating a survey 8.12 SkillBuilder: Constructing ternary graphs 8.13 SkillBuilder: Constructing and describing proportional circles on maps 8.14 SkillBuilder: Constructing and describing isoline maps 8.15 SkillBuilder: Constructing and describing a flow map 8.16 SkillBuilder: Constructing a table of data for GIS 8.17 SkillBuilder: GIS — deconstructing a map 8.18 SkillBuilder: Interpreting a geographical cartoon 8.19 SkillBuilder: Using advanced survey techniques — interviews 8.20 SkillBuilder: Writing a fieldwork report as an annotated visual display (AVD) 8.21 Review 437 9 Biomes and Food Production 440 9.1 Overview 441 9.2 What are the major biomes around the world? 442 9.3 How do we characterise biomes? 446 9.4 What are Australia's major biomes? 451 9.5 What is the importance of biomes to humans? 455 9.6 How is global food production linked to climate? 462 9.7 How and why do we modify biomes for agriculture? 469 9.8 What types of agriculture are practiced in Australia and Asia? 474 9.9 How are the world's biomes and food production interconnected? 482 9.10 How has deforestation changed the forest biome? 486 9.11 How has overfishing changed the ocean biome? 491 9.12 INQUIRY: Overfishing 496 9.13 What are the causes and effects of land degradation? 497 9.14 Why is global biodiversity diminishing? 505 9.15 Investigating topographic maps — Coastal wetland biome in Binydjarrna (Dalywoi/ Daliwuy Bay) 510 9.16 Review 513 10 Food Security 522 10.1 Overview 523 10.2 What is global food security? 524 10.3 What are the impacts of land loss on food security? 529 10.4 How does access to water supplies impact food security? 536 10.5 What challenges does climate change pose for food security? 541 10.6 How will we feed the future? 546 10.7 How do we improve food production and distribution? 550 10.8 How do First Nations Australians use and alter biomes for food production? 558 10.9 INQUIRY: Famine crisis report 561 10.10 Investigating topographic maps — Lake Victoria as a food source 564 10.11 Review 567 11 Connecting with Our Places 574 11.1 Overview 575 11.2 How do perceptions of land vary? 576 11.3 How do we access places? 581 11.4 INQUIRY: Designing a sustainable garden 586 11.5 How is Australia connected globally through export and import trade? 587 11.6 How does trade connect us? 591 11.7 What is Australia's contribution to the global trade industry? 600 11.8 Is international trade fair? 609 11.9 How do Australians use technology to communicate and interconnect? 615 11.10 What is a digital divide? 620 11.11 Why is e-waste presenting such significant challenges? 625 11.12 Investigating topographic maps — Norway — the best place on Earth 632 11.13 Review 635 12 Connecting People and Place 640 12.1 Overview 641 12.2 How is tourism important? 642 12.3 What is global tourism? 649 12.4 Is Australian tourism growing? 657 12.5 What are the impacts of tourism? 662 12.6 How can we manage the environmental impacts of tourism? 667 12.7 What is cultural tourism? 672 12.8 How are tourism and sport connected? 679 12.9 INQUIRY: Cruising sustainably 684 12.10 Investigating topographic maps: Nature-driven tourism at Victoria Falls 686 12.11 Review 689 Civics and Citizenship 694 13 Civics and Citizenship Concepts and Skills 696 13.1 Overview 697 13.2 Concepts in Civics and Citizenship 698 13.3 Skills in Civics and Citizenship 701 13.4 SkillBuilder: Using Cornell Notetaking 13.5 SkillBuilder: Using and referencing quotes 13.6 SkillBuilder: Analysing bias 13.7 SkillBuilder: Creating political advertisements 13.8 SkillBuilder: Structuring an essay 13.9 SkillBuilder: Conducting and analysing a survey 13.10 SkillBuilder: Creating and analysing a table 13.11 Review 705 14 Constitutional Change and the Legislative Process 706 14.1 Overview 707 14.2 How can the Constitution be changed? 708 14.3 What is the federal government responsible for? 713 14.4 How are conflicts between federal and state government responsibilities resolved? 717 14.5 INQUIRY: COVID-19 policy — state or federal responsibility? 724 14.6 Review 725 15 Australia’s Justice System and the Courts 728 15.1 Overview 729 15.2 What are the key features of the Australian court system? 730 15.3 What are the different courts and their different jurisdictions? 738 15.4 Are there alternative ways to resolve disputes? 746 15.5 How do courts make laws through judgements? 751 15.6 What is a fair trial? 758 15.7 What are the barriers to fairness, equality and access to justice? 764 15.8 What is the role of the police? 771 15.9 How do you achieve justice and what is the right to appeal? 776 15.10 INQUIRY: #RaiseTheAge 781 15.11 Review 783 16 Global Citizenship 788 16.1 Overview 789 16.2 What does it mean to be a global citizen? 790 16.3 How can global citizens make a difference? 794 16.4 How do forms of media influence identity and global citizenship? 799 16.5 INQUIRY: Are Australians active global citizens? 804 16.6 Review 806 Economics and Business 810 17 Economics and Business Concepts and Skills 812 17.1 Overview 813 17.2 Concepts in Economics and Business 814 17.3 Skills in Economics and Business 821 17.4 SkillBuilder: Conducting research into Australia’s connections with the world 17.5 SkillBuilder: Interpreting the trends for money lost in scams 17.6 SkillBuilder: Evaluating an insurance policy 17.7 SkillBuilder: Preparing a reasoned argument in relation to an economic or business issue 17.8 Review 824 18 The Australian and Global Economies 826 18.1 Overview 827 18.2 How does Australia trade with other economies? 828 18.3 What goods and services are imported into Australia? 836 18.4 How do global events impact the Australian economy? 842 18.5 How do global supply chains operate? 848 18.6 What are transnational corporations? 855 18.7 How does globalisation impact the international economy? 860 18.8 INQUIRY: How would you do it? 867 18.9 Review 869 19 Innovation and Risk 874 19.1 Overview 875 19.2 What is the role of banks and other deposit-taking institutions? 876 19.3 What financial risks do consumers face? 880 19.4 What are the different types of investment? 884 19.5 What financial rewards can consumers receive? 890 19.6 What is the importance of ethical decision-making and corporate social responsibility? 894 19.7 How are consumers protected? 898 19.8 Why is innovation important to businesses? 903 19.9 How do building connections and innovation help a business? 908 19.10 How can businesses reduce costs? 912 19.11 INQUIRY: Financial risks and rewards 917 19.12 Review 919 Glossary 924 Index 935