Linguistic Archaeology

Acknowledgements 1. Setting the field: what is linguistic archaeology? 1.1. What is linguistic archaeology? 1.2. Defining the field: an overview of the content and organization of this book 1.3. Theoretical preconditions for reconstructing language prehistory 1.3.1. Placing language reconstruction in the discipline of general linguistics 1.3.2. Controversies on the nature and origin of human language 1.4. Core concepts in models and methods of language reconstruction 1.4.1. Defining and explaining pattern similarity 1.4.2. The tree and wave models 1.4.3. Family-based and deep reconstruction: ancestral nodes, proto-languages, and early language Further reading 2. Basics: Structures and components of human language 2.1. Phonemes: the smallest units of speech 2.2. Words and word classes 2.3. Morphemes: the smallest meaning-bearing unit of a language 2.4. How words are glued together in grammar Further reading 3. The diversity and origin of human language 3.1. Linguistic diversity and language population size 3.2. Origin of human language: why, when, and how? 3.3. How to investigate linguistic diversity Further reading 4. The comparative method 4.1. Basics of the comparative method 4.1.1. The comparative method and language classification 4.1.2. The problem of etymology and semantic change 4.1.3. Reconstructing grammar by the comparative method Further reading 4.2. Philology 4.2.1. Understanding the nature of writing and interpreting writing systems 4.2.2. Interpreting the linguistic value of writing 4.2.3. Understanding the meaning of words and texts Further reading Useful resources 4.3. Historical linguistics 4.3.1. Historical linguistics: using the comparative method to observe language change 4.3.2. Sound change 4.3.3. Reconstructing lexical change: replacement, meaning change, and borrowing 4.3.4. Analogy 4.3.4. Grammaticalization Further reading Useful resources 5. The typological method 5.1. Basics of the typological method Further reading Useful resources 5.2. Data mining for typology: language documentation Further reading Useful resources 5.3. Applying the typological method 5.3.1. Reconstructing early language Further reading 5.3.2. Observing the evolution of language types Further reading 5.3.3. Diachronic typology: reconstructing the typology of proto-languages Further reading 6. The phylogenetic method 6.1. Phylogenetic and computational methods: a survey Further reading 6.2. Data mining for phylogenetic methods Useful resources 6.3. Reconstruction of features of grammar, syntax, and phonology Further reading 7. Archaeolinguistics: words, artefacts, and ancient DNA 7.1. Basics of the archaeolinguistic approach 7.2. Methods in archaeolinguistic approach 7.2.1. Reconstructing the vocabulary of a proto-language Further reading 7.2.2. Reconstructing the culture and beliefs of proto-language communities through language Further reading 7.2.3. Reconstructing language contact and substrate influence 7.3. Connecting reconstructed language to archaeology, ancient DNA, and prehistoric migrations Further reading 8. Linguistic anthropology: relativist approaches to reconstructing language prehistory 8.1. The linguistic relativity approach: reconstructing diversity 8.2. Methods in linguistic relativity research 8.2.1. Observing small-scale societies 8.2.3. Designing experiments and stimuli for observing diversity of language-cognition-culture 8.3. Contrasting results of small-scale societies cross-linguistically Further reading 9. The cultural evolutionary approach 9.1. Overview of the cross-disciplinary field of cultural evolution 9.2. Methodologies of the cultural evolutionary approach 9.2.1. Data design and base concepts for compiling data 9.2.2. Models and methods: phylogenetic inference 9.2.3. Models and methods: experimental design 9.3. Triangulation Further reading 10. Conclusion: linguistic archaeology in the past, present, and future Bibliography Index