Antibiotics - Therapeutic Spectrum and Limitations

Contributors Preface I Introduction 1. Introduction to antibiotic therapy Amal Kumar Dhara and Amit Kumar Nayak 1 Introduction 2 Bacterial infection 3 Antibiotic era 4 Challenges in the development of antibiotics 5 Classes of antibiotics and their therapeutic spectrum 6 ß-Lactam antibiotics 7 Aminoglycoside antibiotics 8 Chloramphenicol and tetracyclines 9 Macrolide antibiotics 10 Lincosamide and glycopeptide antibiotics 11 Polypeptide antibiotics 12 Antifungal antibiotics 13 Antitubercular antibiotics 14 Toxicity of antibiotics 15 Antimicrobial resistance 16 Prospect of probiotics and natural products 17 Conclusion References II Microbial infection and antibiotics development 2. Bacterial infections: Types and pathophysiology V.T. Anju, Siddhardha Busi, Mahima S. Mohan, and Madhu Dyavaiah 1 Infection: An overview 2 Bacterial infections and mechanism of pathogenesis 3 Types of bacterial infections and pathophysiology 4 Conclusions References 3. Antibiotics role in past and present: A challenge to find new possibilites in development Kumar Bhavna, Deepika Raina, Shradha Singh Raghav, Manmohan Singhal, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Samir Bhargava, and Abhijeet Ojha 1 Introduction 2 Mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics 3 Antimicrobial chemotherapy 4 The golden era of antibiotics 5 Conclusion References 4. Challenges in the development of novel antibiotics David Elder 1 Introduction 2 Target product profiles for new antibacterials 3 Developing novel antibiotics 4 Case studies: Development of novel antibiotics 5 The role of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in developing new antibiotics 6 Conclusions References III Antibiotics and therapeutics 5. Beta-lactam antibiotics Carlos Barreiro, Sonia Marti´nez-Ca´mara, Carlos Garci´a-Estrada, Manuel de la Torre, and Jose L. Barredo 1 Introduction 2 Beta-lactam antibiotics: Types, structure, and mechanism of action 3 Penicillins and cephalosporins: Discovery and biosynthetic pathways 4 Resistances: Mechanism and clinical relevance 5 Omics in the development of beta-lactams 6 Future outlook Acknowledgments References 6. Aminoglycoside antibiotics Julia Revuelta and Agatha Bastida 1 Introduction 2 Targeting RNA with AGAs 3 Aminoglycoside resistance 4 Toxicity 5 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 6 Development of second-generation AGAs 7 Aminoglycoside-based biomaterials 8 Outlook and future perspectives References 7. Chloramphenicol and tetracycline (broad spectrum antibiotics) Manmohan Singhal, Mohit Agrawal, Kumar Bhavna, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Samir Bhargava, Komal Satish Gondkar, Kumud Joshi, Vijay Singh Rana, Jagannath Sahoo, and Mandeep Kumar Arora 1 Introduction 2 Tetracyclins 3 Mode of action of tetracyclines 4 Tetracycline resistance with mechanisms in biochemistry and genetics 5 Chloramphenicol 6 Structural-activity relationship 7 Chloramphenicol resistance 8 Combination effect of chloramphenicol with other antibiotics 9 Conclusion Further reading 8. Macrolide antibiotics Manmohan Singhal, Mohit Agrawal, Kumar Bhavna, Komal Satish Gondkar, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Kumud Joshi, Ritik Kumar, Uddipak Rai, Samir Bhargava, and Vijay Singh Rana 1 Introduction 2 The binding site of macrolide 3 Mode of action 4 Classification of macrolide antibiotics 5 Administration 6 Side effects 7 Contradictions 8 Monitoring 9 Toxicity 10 Resistance 11 Conclusion Further reading 9. Lincosamide and glycopeptide antibiotics Ijaz Hussain, Tania Jabbar, Asma Naureen, Sadaf-Ul-Hassan, Amjad Hussain, Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani, Naseem Abbas, and Syed Ali Raza Naqvi 1 Introduction 2 Structures of lincosamides and glycopeptides antibiotics 3 Mechanism of action 4 Bacterial resistance 5 Semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotics 6 Biological activity and medicinal importance 7 Conclusion References 10. Antimicrobial lipopeptides: Multifaceted designs to curb antimicrobial resistance Sudip Mukherjee, Rajib Dey, Yash Acharya, and Jayanta Haldar 1 Introduction 2 Naturally occurring lipopeptide antimicrobials 3 Semisynthetic glycolipopeptides 4 Synthetically designed lipopeptide antimicrobials 5 Conclusion and future outlook References 11. Antifungal compounds: With special emphasis on echinocandins, polyenes, and heterocyclic benzofurans D. Sampritha Devi, Megh Bose, and Regina Sharmila Dass 1 Introduction 2 Polyenes 3 Echinocandins 4 Heterocyclic benzofurans 5 Conclusion References Further reading 12. Antibiotics in the management of tuberculosis and cancer Niranjan Koirala, Monica Butnariu, Mamata Panthi, Roshani Gurung, Sundar Adhikari, Romit Kumar Subba, Zenisha Acharya, and Jelena Popovic-Djordjevic 1 Introduction to antibiotics, tuberculosis, and cancer 2 Antibiotics in the management of tuberculosis 3 Antibiotics in the management of cancer 4 Recent advances in the antibiotics discovery for tuberculosis: Biotechnology perspectives 5 Recent advances in the antibiotics discovery for cancer: Biotechnology perspectives 6 Conclusion and future perspective References Further reading IV Toxicity and antibiotic resistance 13. Toxicity consideration of antibiotics Sameh S. Ali, Asmaa Ali, Tamer Elsamahy, Kamal M. Okasha, and Jianzhong Sun 1 Introduction 2 Mechanism of antibiotic toxicity 3 Risk factors influencing antibiotic toxicity 4 Common features of antibiotic toxicity 5 Consideration to avoid antibiotic toxicity 6 Conclusion References 14. Rational use of antibiotics—Save antibiotics for future generations Indira P. Sarethy, Nidhi Srivastava, Swapnil Chaturvedi, Nidhi Chauhan, and Michael Danquah 1 Introduction 2 Antimicrobial drug resistance overview 3 Global burden of antibiotics in different sectors 4 Cause of spread of antimicrobial drug resistance 5 Global impact of unsustainable management 6 Steps required for saving antibiotics for future generations 7 Currently active National Action Plans on AMR 8 Future prospects and conclusions Consent for publication Conflict of interest Acknowledgments References 15. Combined use of antibiotics Jinli Wang, Jinwu Meng, Jinyue Zhu, Siya Li, Tianxin Qiu, Wenjia Wang, Jinxue Ding, Kun Li, and Jiaguo Liu 1 Introduction 2 Combination antibiotics therapy for multidrug-resistant bacteria 3 Combinations of antibiotics with Class Ia antibiotic adjuvants 4 Combined use of antibiotics with Class Ib adjuvants 5 Combined use of antibiotics with Class II adjuvants 6 Future perspectives References 16. Antibiotic resistance—A global crisis Zeuko’o Menkem Elisabeth 1 Introduction 2 Antibiotic resistance 3 Causes of antibiotic resistance 4 Management of antibiotic resistance 5 Conclusion References 17. Traditional medicine in the management of microbial infections as antimicrobials: Pros and cons Joyeta Ghosh, Partha Palit, Subhasish Maity, Vedprakash Dwivedi, Jyoti Das, Chittaranjan Sinha, and Debprasad Chattopadhyay 1 Introduction 2 Data synthesis 3 Mother nature: The pharmacopeia of the living kingdom 4 Role of TM in infection management 5 Traditional medicine on fungal infection 6 TM against viruses 7 TM in protozoal infections 8 Potential of TM-based future antimicrobials 9 Conclusion and future direction Acknowledgment References V Others 18. Quinolones as antimicrobial and antiresistance agents Kadja Luana Chagas Monteiro, Marcone Gomes dos Santos Alc^antara, Nathalia Monteiro Lins Freire, Thiago Mendonc¸a de Aquino, and Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Ju´nior 1 An overview of quinolones and their structureactivity relationship 2 Pharmacology and clinical uses 3 Mode of action 4 Mode of resistance 5 Quinolone-topoisomerase interactions 6 The state of the art in the basic research for new quinolones 7 Modulation of resistance: NorA efflux pump and MRSA 8 Conclusion References 19. Herbal drugs as antibiotics Shabihul Fatma Sayed 1 Introduction 2 What is the need for herbal antibiotics? 3 Therapeutic effects of herbs 4 Herbs for their Antibiotic actions 5 Herbal drugs as antibiotics in respiratory ailments 6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 20. Challenges for use of antibiotics in pediatric and geriatric population Kumar Bhavna, Komal Satish Gondkar, Priyanshu Kumar, Uddipak Rai, Manmohan Singhal, Vijay Singh Rana, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Samir Bhargava, Mandeep Kumar Arora, Abhijeet Ojha, and Anuj Nautiyal 1 Introduction 2 Considerations 3 Absorption 4 Distribution 5 Metabolism 6 Elimination 7 Pharmacodynamics properties of antibiotics used in both pediatric and geriatric patients 8 Adverse drug reaction and adverse drug events 9 Antibiotic allergy 10 Medication errors 11 Off-label antibiotic usage 12 Parents’ role 13 Prescriber role 14 Discussion 15 Conclusion References 21. Role of antibiotics in hospital-acquired infections and community-acquired infections Tuhina Banerjee, Swati Sharma, and Pue Rakshit 1 Introduction 2 Antibiotics: The magic bullets 3 Which came first? Antibiotics or AMR? 4 Antimicrobial resistance: A global challenge 5 Colonization to infection: Understanding the basics 6 Hospital and community: Two different ecosystems 7 Hospital-acquired infections: An introduction 8 Community-acquired infections (CAI): An introduction 9 When not to use antibiotics? 10 Challenges in implementation of rational antibiotic use policies and practices in LMIC 11 Preventive strategies against antibiotic misuse 12 Conclusions References 22. Adult sepsis as an emerging hospitalacquired infection: Challenges and solutions Puneet Gandhi and Parkhi Shrivastava 1 Introduction 2 Why is sepsis the most precarious HAI 3 Challenges in the diagnosis of sepsis 4 Treatment challenges 5 Clinical conditions compromising sepsis outcome 6 Tackling the challenges 7 Conclusion References 23. Probiotics: A solution to the prevention of antimicrobial resistance Chit Laa Poh, Kanwal Khalid, and Hui Xuan Lim 1 Introduction 2 Mechanisms of probiotic action 3 Antimicrobial activity of probiotics 4 Modulation of immune responses 5 Conclusion References 24. Role of modern drug delivery in antibiotic therapy Bulu Mohanta, Amit Kumar Nayak, and Amal Kumar Dhara 1 Introduction 2 Nanotechnological approaches for antibiotic delivery 3 Stimuli-responsive antibiotic drug delivery 4 Localized implantable antibiotic drug-delivery 5 Conclusion References 25. Antibiotic residues in food Zeuko’o Menkem Elisabeth 1 Introduction 2 Classes of antibiotics used in aquaculture (fish), agriculture (plant), poultry, and livestock (animal) 3 Laboratory testing of antibiotic residues 4 Antibiotic residues in food: Fish, plant, and animal foods 5 Health consequences of antibiotic residues 6 Management of antibiotic residues 7 Conclusion References 26. Clinical trials, regulatory considerations, and market overview of antibiotics Samir Bhargava, N.V. Satheesh Madhav, Amal Kumar Dhara, Ashish R. Dwivedi, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Devendra Kumar, Manmohan Singhal, Shyamali Thakur, Shraddha Manish Gupta, Kumar Bhavna, Anuj Nautiyal, Abhijeet Ojha, and Vijay Singh Rana 1 Introduction 2 Classification of antibiotics 3 The US regulator (Food and Drug Administration) 4 Different applications submitted at US-FDA 5 Antibacterial susceptibility test interpretive criteria of FDA 6 Role of clinical trials and FDA in antibiotic development 7 Natural product-based antibiotic discovery 8 Market overview of antibiotics 9 Conclusion References Index