Corporate Cybersecurity

Foreword xiii Acknowledgments xv Part 1 Bug Bounty Overview 1 1 The Evolution of Bug Bounty Programs 3 1.1 Making History 3 1.2 Conservative Blockers 4 1.3 Increased Threat Actor Activity 4 1.4 Security Researcher Scams 5 1.5 Applications Are a Small Consideration 5 1.6 Enormous Budgetary Requirements 5 1.7 Other Security Tooling as a Priority 6 1.8 Vulnerability Disclosure Programs vs Bug Bounty Programs 6 1.8.1 Vulnerability Disclosure Programs 6 1.8.2 Bug Bounty Programs 7 1.9 Program Managers 7 1.10 The Law 7 1.11 Redefining Security Research 8 1.12 Taking Action 8 1.12.1 Get to Know Security Researchers 9 1.12.2 Fair and Just Resolution 9 1.12.3 Managing Disclosure 9 1.12.4 Corrections 9 1.12.5 Specific Community Involvement 9 Part 2 Evaluating Programs 11 2 Assessing Current Vulnerability Management Processes 13 2.1 Who Runs a Bug Bounty Program? 13 2.2 Determining Security Posture 13 2.3 Management 14 2.3.1 Software Engineering Teams 14 2.3.2 Security Departments (Security Operations, Fraud Prevention, Governance/Risk/Compliance, Edge Controls, Vulnerability Management, Endpoint Detection, and Response) 14 2.3.3 Infrastructure Teams 14 2.3.4 Legal Department 14 2.3.5 Communications Team 14 2.4 Important Questions 15 2.5 Software Engineering 15 2.5.1 Which Processes Are in Place for Secure Coding? Do the Software Engineers Understand the Importance of Mitigating the Risks Associated with Vulnerable Code? 15 2.5.2 How Effective Are Current Communication Processes? Will Vulnerabilities Be Quickly Resolved If Brought to Their Attention? 15 2.5.3 Is the Breadth of Our Enterprise’s Web and Mobile Applications Immense? Which Processes Are Engineers Using for Development in the Software Development Lifecycle? 16 2.6 Security Departments 16 2.6.1 How Does Security Operations Manage Incidents? Will Employee Assistance Be Provided from the Security Operations Team If a Threat Actor Manages to Exploit an Application Vulnerability? Which Tools Do They Have in Place? 16 2.6.2 What Does the Fraud Prevention Team Do to Prevent Malicious Activities? How Many Occurrences Do They See of Issues such as Account Takeover, and Could They Potentially Create Application Vulnerabilities? 16 2.6.3 Are There Any Compliance Practices in Place and, If So, How Do They Affect the Vulnerability Management Process? What Does the Application Security Team Have to Do to Assist in Enterprise Compliance? 17 2.6.4 What Edge Tooling is in Place to Prevent Attacks? Are Any of the Enterprise Applications at Risk of Being Exploited due to an IoT (Internet of Things) Device? 17 2.6.5 How Often Does Our Vulnerability Management Team Push for Updates? How Does the Vulnerability Management Team Ensure Servers in which Enterprise Applications Reside Are Secure? 17 2.7 Infrastructure Teams 17 2.7.1 What Are Infrastructure Teams Doing to Ensure Best Security Practices Are Enabled? How Long Will It Take the Infrastructure Team to Resolve a Serious Issue When a Server-side Web Application is Exploited, or During a Subdomain Takeover Vulnerability? 17 2.7.2 Is There Effective Communication between Infrastructure, Vulnerability Management, Security Operations, and Endpoint Detection and Response? 18 2.8 Legal Department 18 2.8.1 How Well Refined is the Relationship between the Application Security Team and the Legal Department? 18 2.8.2 What Criteria Are/Will Be Set Out for the Escalation of Issues? 18 2.8.3 Does the Legal Department Understand the Necessity of Bug Bounty Program Management? 18 2.9 Communications Team 18 2.9.1 Has the Communications Team Dealt with Security Researchers Before? is the Importance Understood? 18 2.9.2 Was the Communications Team Informed of Bug Bounty Program Expectations? 19 2.10 Engineers 19 2.11 Program Readiness 19 3 Evaluating Program Operations 21 3.1 One Size Does Not Fit All 21 3.2 Realistic Program Scenarios 21 3.3 Ad Hoc Program 22 3.4 Note 24 3.5 Applied Knowledge 24 3.5.1 Applied Knowledge #1 24 3.5.1.1 Private Programs 25 3.5.2 Applied Knowledge #2 25 3.5.2.1 Public Programs 25 3.5.3 Applied Knowledge #3 26 3.5.3.1 Hybrid Models 26 3.6 Crowdsourced Platforms 27 3.7 Platform Pricing and Services 28 3.8 Managed Services 28 3.9 Opting Out of Managed Services 29 3.10 On-demand Penetration Tests 29 Part 3 Program Setup 31 4 Defining Program Scope and Bounties 33 4.1 What is a Bounty? 33 4.2 Understanding Scope 33 4.3 How to Create Scope 34 4.3.1 Models 34 4.4 Understanding Wildcards 34 4.4.1 Subdomain 35 4.4.2 Domain 35 4.4.3 Specific Domain Path or Specific Subdomain Path 35 4.5 Determining Asset Allocation 36 4.6 Asset Risk 37 4.7 Understanding Out of Scope 37 4.8 Vulnerability Types 38 4.8.1 Denial of Service (DOS) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks 38 4.8.2 Social Engineering Attacks 38 4.8.3 Brute Force or Rate Limiting 38 4.8.4 Account and Email Enumeration 38 4.8.5 Self-XSS 39 4.8.6 Clickjacking 39 4.8.7 Miscellaneous 39 4.9 When is an Asset Really Out of Scope? 39 4.10 The House Wins – Or Does It? 40 4.11 Fair Judgment on Bounties 42 4.12 Post-mortem 43 4.13 Awareness and Reputational Damage 43 4.14 Putting It All Together 44 4.15 Bug Bounty Payments 44 4.15.1 Determining Payments 45 4.15.2 Bonus Payments 46 4.15.3 Nonmonetary Rewards 46 5 Understanding Safe Harbor and Service Level Agreements 49 5.1 What is “Safe Harbor”? 49 5.1.1 The Reality of Safe Harbor 49 5.1.2 Fear and Reluctance 49 5.1.3 Writing Safe Harbor Agreements 50 5.1.4 Example Safe Harbor Agreement 50 5.2 Retaliation against a Rogue Researcher (Cybercriminal or Threat/Bad Actor) 51 5.3 Service Level Agreements (SLAs) 52 5.3.1 Resolution Times 53 5.3.2 Triage Times 53 6 Program Configuration 55 6.1 Understanding Options 55 6.2 Bugcrowd 55 6.2.1 Creating the Program 55 6.2.2 Program Overview 61 6.2.2.1 The Program Dashboard 61 6.2.2.2 The Crowd Control Navbar 63 Summary 63 Submissions 63 Researchers 64 Rewards 65 Insights Dashboard 65 Reports 66 6.2.3 Advanced Program Configuration and Modification 66 6.2.3.1 Program Brief 66 6.2.3.2 Scope and Rewards 67 6.2.3.3 Integrations 72 6.2.3.4 Announcements 73 6.2.3.5 Manage Team 74 6.2.3.6 Submissions 75 6.2.4 Profile Settings 76 6.2.4.1 The Profile and Account 78 6.2.4.2 Security 78 6.2.4.3 Notification Settings 79 6.2.4.4 API Credentials 80 6.2.5 Enterprise “Profile” Settings 81 6.2.5.1 Management and Configuration 81 6.2.5.2 Organization Details 81 6.2.5.3 Team Members 81 6.2.5.4 Targets 81 6.2.5.5 Authentication 81 6.2.5.6 Domains 82 6.2.5.7 Accounting 83 6.3 HackerOne 84 6.3.1 Program Settings 85 6.3.1.1 General 85 6.3.1.2 Information 86 6.3.1.3 Product Edition 86 6.3.1.4 Authentication 87 6.3.1.5 Verified Domains 88 6.3.1.6 Credential Management 89 6.3.1.7 Group Management 89 6.3.1.8 User Management 90 6.3.1.9 Audit Log 91 6.3.2 Billing 92 6.3.2.1 Overview 92 6.3.2.2 Credit Card 92 6.3.2.3 Prepayment 92 6.3.3 Program 93 6.3.3.1 Policy 93 6.3.3.2 Scope 93 6.3.3.3 Submit Report Form 95 6.3.3.4 Response Targets 96 6.3.3.5 Metrics Display 97 6.3.3.6 Email Notifications 97 6.3.3.7 Inbox Views 98 6.3.3.8 Disclosure 98 6.3.3.9 Custom Fields 98 6.3.3.10 Invitations 99 6.3.3.11 Submission 100 6.3.3.12 Message Hackers 101 6.3.3.13 Email Forwarding 102 6.3.3.14 Embedded Submission Form 102 6.3.3.15 Bounties 103 6.3.3.16 Swag 103 6.3.3.17 Common Responses 104 6.3.3.18 Triggers 106 6.3.3.19 Integrations 107 6.3.3.20 API 107 6.3.3.21 Hackbot 107 6.3.3.22 Export Reports 108 6.3.3.23 Profile Settings 108 6.3.4 Inbox 108 6.3.4.1 Report Details 109 6.3.4.2 Timeline 109 6.4 Summary 110 Part 4 Vulnerability Reports and Disclosure 111 7 Triage and Bug Management 113 7.1 Understanding Triage 113 7.1.1 Validation 113 7.1.2 Lessons Learned 115 7.1.3 Vulnerability Mishaps 115 7.1.4 Managed Services 115 7.1.5 Self-service 116 7.2 Bug Management 116 7.2.1 Vulnerability Priority 116 7.2.2 Vulnerability Examples 117 7.2.2.1 Reflected XSS on a login portal 117 Report and Triage 117 Validation 117 7.2.2.2 Open redirect vulnerability 117 Report and Triage 117 Validation 118 7.2.2.3 Leaked internal Structured Query Language (SQL) server credentials 118 Report and Triage 118 Validation 118 7.3 Answers 118 7.3.1 Vulnerability Rating-test Summary 119 7.3.1.1 Reflected XSS in a login portal 118 7.3.1.2 Open redirect vulnerability 118 7.3.1.3 Leaked internal SQL server credentials 118 7.3.2 Complexity vs Rating 119 7.3.3 Projected Ratings 120 7.3.4 Ticketing and Internal SLA 120 7.3.4.1 Creating Tickets 120 8 Vulnerability Disclosure Information 123 8.1 Understanding Public Disclosure 123 8.1.1 Making the Decision 123 8.1.1.1 Private Programs 123 The Bottom Line 124 8.1.1.2 Public Programs 125 The Bottom Line 126 8.2 CVE Responsibility 126 8.2.1 What are CVEs? 126 8.2.2 Program Manager Responsibilities 126 8.2.3 Hardware CVEs 126 8.2.4 Software and Product CVEs 128 8.2.5 Third-party CVEs 128 8.3 Submission Options 130 8.3.1 In-house Submissions 130 8.3.2 Program Managed Submissions and Hands-off Submissions 130 8.3.2.1 Program Managed Submissions 130 8.3.2.2 Hands-off Submissions 131 Part 5 Internal and External Communication 133 9 Development and Application Security Collaboration 135 9.1 Key Role Differences 135 9.1.1 Application Security Engineer 135 9.1.2 Development 135 9.2 Facing a Ticking Clock 136 9.3 Meaningful Vulnerability Reporting 136 9.4 Communicating Expectations 137 9.5 Pushback, Escalations, and Exceptions 138 9.5.1 Internal steps 138 9.5.2 External steps 139 9.5.2 Escalations 139 9.5.3 Summary 140 9.6 Continuous Accountability 141 9.6.1 Tracking 141 9.6.2 Missed Deadlines 141 10 Hacker and Program Interaction Essentials 143 10.1 Understanding the Hacker 143 10.1.1 Money, Ethics, or Both? 143 10.1.2 Case Study Analysis 145 10.2 Invalidating False Positives 145 10.2.1 Intake Process and Breaking the News 145 10.2.2 Dealing with a Toxic Hacker 147 10.3 Managed Program Considerations 147 10.4 In-house Programs 148 10.5 Blackmail or Possible Threat Actor 151 10.6 Public Threats or Disclosure 151 10.7 Program Warning Messages 153 10.8 Threat Actor or Security Researcher? 153 10.9 Messaging Researchers 155 10.9.1 Security Researcher Interviews 155 10.9.2 Bug Bounty Program Manager Interviews 159 10.10 Summary 164 Part 6 Assessments and Expansions 165 11 Internal Assessments 167 11.1 Introduction to Internal Assessments 167 11.2 Proactive Vs Reactive Testing 167 11.3 Passive Assessments 168 11.3.1 Shodan 168 11.3.1.1 Using Shodan 168 11.3.2 Amass/crt.sh 171 11.3.2.1 Amass 172 11.3.2.2 crt.sh 173 11.4 Active Assessments 173 11.4.1 nmapAutomator.sh 173 11.4.2 Sn1per 175 11.4.3 Owasp Zap 175 11.4.4 Dalfox 177 11.4.5 Dirsearch 179 11.5 Passive/Active Summary 180 11.6 Additional Considerations: Professional Testing and Third-Party Risk 180 12 Expanding Scope 181 12.1 Communicating with the Team 181 12.2 Costs of Expansion 182 12.3 When to Expand Scope 182 12.4 Alternatives to Scope Expansion 183 12.5 Managing Expansion 183 13 Public Release 185 13.1 Understanding the Public Program 185 13.2 The “Right” Time 185 13.3 Recommended Release 186 13.3.1 Requirements 186 13.4 Rolling Backwards 186 13.5 Summary 187 Index 189