Essentials of Electrical and Computer Engineering

About the Authors xiii 1 Introduction 1 Fundamental Concepts 1 Sources 6 Tellegen’s Theorem 8 Problems 9 2 The Basic Laws of Circuit Analysis 18 Introduction  18 Ohm’s Law  18 Kirchhoff’s Laws  22 Single-Loop Circuits  26 Voltage Division  29 Single Node-Pair Circuits  30 Current Division  32 Resistor Combinations  33 Simple Network Analysis  38 Circuits with Dependent Sources  41 Problems  43 3 Circuit Analysis Techniques 57 Nodal Analysis  57 Loop/Mesh Analysis  68 Nodal Analysis versus Mesh/Loop Analysis  73 Superposition  79 Thevenin’s Theorem  80 Maximum Power Transfer  83 Problems  86 4 Transient Analysis 94 Introduction  94 Storage Elements  94 Capacitors  94 Inductors  97 Capacitor/Inductor Characteristics  99 First-Order Transient Circuits  99 Second-Order Transient Circuits  114 Problems  123 5 AC Steady-State Analysis 135 The AC Forcing Function  135 The Network Response to Sinusoidal Forcing Functions  138 Phasor Relationships for the RLC Circuit Components  141 Impedance and Admittance  142 Analysis Techniques  149 Problems  159 6 Variable-frequency Network Characteristics 170 Sinusoidal Frequency Response  170 Passive Filter Networks  174 Low-Pass Filters  174 High-Pass Filters  175 Bandpass Filters  176 Band Elimination/Rejection Filters  178 Resonance  182 Series Resonance  184 Parallel Resonance  190 Problems  198 7 Single-phase Steady-state Power Analysis 206 Instantaneous Power  206 Average Power  208 Maximum Average Power Transfer  212 RMS Values  214 Power Factor  217 Complex Power  218 Power Factor Correction  224 Problems  226 8 The Electric Power System 238 The Electric Power System Structure  238 Generation  238 Transformation – Low Voltage to High Voltage  241 Transmission  241 Transformation—High Voltage to Low Voltage  241 Distribution  242 Magnetic Circuit Fundamentals  244 Generators  247 Power Transmission  249 Electric/Magnetic Circuit Analogy  249 Mutual Inductance  250 Ideal Transformers  255 Three-Phase Circuits  258 The Balanced Wye–Wye Connection  260 The Balanced Wye–Delta Connection  262 Three-Phase Power  263 Problems  264 9 Diodes  Semiconductors and Applications 273 Introduction to Modern Electronics  273 The Diode and its Basic Characteristics  273 Introduction to Semiconductors  274 How a p–n Junction Diode Works  275 The Ideal Diode Model  277 Rectifier Circuits and Power Supplies  279 Half-Wave Rectifier Circuits  280 Full-Wave Rectifier Circuits  281 Power Supply Filters  283 Clipping and Clamping Circuits  284 Real Silicon Diodes  286 Special-Purpose Diodes  289 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)  289 Schottky Diodes  290 Introduction to Load Line Analysis  290 Problems  291 10 Operational Amplifiers and Applications 304 Introduction  304 Differential Amplifiers  305 The Ideal OP Amp  306 Basic Operational Amplifier Configurations  308 The Noninverting OP Amp  308 The Unity-Gain Buffer  309 The Inverting OP Amp  310 The Difference Amplifier or Differential Amplifier  311 The Summing OP Amp  313 Current-to-Voltage Converter  314 The Integrator  315 The Differentiator  317 Application Circuits with Frequency Dependence (Filters)  318 Low-Pass Filters  319 High-Pass Filters  320 Bandpass Filters  321 Multistage Amplifier Circuits  322 Problems  323 11 Analog Electronics 337 Introduction  337 Transistors  337 Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET)  339 MOSFET Device Operation  341 The Output Characteristic Curves  342 Operational Modes  342 MOSFET Biasing Techniques  343 Small-Signal Analysis of MOSFET Circuits  348 Bipolar Junction Transistors  354 BJT Structure  355 BJT Device Operation  356 The Output Characteristic Curves for BJTs  358 BJT Biasing Techniques  362 Small-Signal Analysis  365 Problems  371 12 Digital Electronics and Logic Circuits 383 Introduction  383 The Binary Number System  383 Boolean Algebra  385 Boolean Functions in Canonical Form  386 Boolean Function Minimization  389 Logic Gates for Function Realization  393 Implementation of Logic Gates with Circuits  395 NMOS  396 CMOS (Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor)  398 The CMOS Inverter  399 CMOS NAND Gates and NOR Gates  400 Combinational Logic Circuits  402 Sequential Logic Circuits  406 State Diagrams and State Tables  407 Memory Devices  408 Analyzing Synchronous Sequential Circuits  409 Designing Synchronous Sequential Circuits  412 Problems  417 13 Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation 427 Basic Measurement Devices  427 Digital Multimeters  427 Oscilloscopes  441 Measurement Systems  445 Sensors/Transducers  445 Signal Conditioning  446 Amplification  446 Filtering  447 Process Controller  451 Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion  451 Processor  453 Digital-to-Analog Conversion  453 Application Circuits  456 Problems  458 14 DC Machines 467 Introduction  467 A Linear Machine  467 A Simple Rotating Machine  470 The Basic DC Machine  473 Equivalent Circuits and Analysis  476 DC Machine Applications  489 Problems  490 15 AC Machines 493 Introduction  493 The Revolving Magnetic Field  493 AC Polyphase Machines  495 The Polyphase Induction Machine: Balanced Operation  497 Basic Principles of Operation  497 The Equivalent Circuit  498 The Polyphase Synchronous Machine: Balanced Operation  503 Basic Principles of Operation  503 The Nonsalient Synchronous Machine Equivalent Circuit  504 AC Machine Applications  512 Problems  512 Appendix A Complex Numbers A-1 Appendix B Load Line Analysis A-4 Appendix C The Zener or Avalanche Diode and Problems A-10 Circuit Model of Zener Diode  A-10 Load Line Analysis of Zener Diode Circuits  A-12 Problems  A-15 Appendix D Implementation of Practical Electronic Circuits A-16 IC Packages and Building Real Circuits  A-16 Operational Amplifiers (OP AMPS)  A-16 Instrumentation and Differential Amplifiers  A-18 Oscillators (Signal Generators)  A-18 Current Measurements  A-19 Power Measurements  A-20 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCS)  A-20 Index I-1