Jacaranda Humanities Alive 8 Australian Curriculum, 3e learnON and Print

About This Resource xi Acknowledgements xviii Understanding cognitive verbs 1 History 2 1 History concepts and skills 4 1.1 Overview 5 1.2 Concepts in History 6 1.3 Skills in History 17 1.4 SkillBuilder: Sequencing events in chronological order 1.5 SkillBuilder: Interpreting medieval art as sources 1.6 SkillBuilder: Evaluating historical Significance 1.7 SkillBuilder: Analysing different Perspectives 1.8 SkillBuilder: Evaluating Ottoman Empire sources 1.9 SkillBuilder: Interpreting sources on the Vikings 1.10 SkillBuilder: Evaluating roles and achievements 1.11 SkillBuilder: Explaining different historical interpretations 1.12 SkillBuilder: Making your own notes to analyse relevant sources 1.13 SkillBuilder: Analysing cause and effect 1.14 SkillBuilder: Making your own notes from sources 1.15 Review 22 2 Medieval Europe 26 2.1 Overview 27 2.2 How do we know about medieval Europe? 29 2.3 What are the key features of the feudal system? 34 2.4 How was life for people in the feudal system? 38 2.5 What impact did medieval people have on their environment? 42 2.6 What were the defence features of the medieval castle? 46 2.7 How was warfare conducted in the Middle Ages? 50 2.8 Why did towns begin to grow in this period? 54 2.9 How were people punished for committing crimes in medieval times? 58 2.10 What was the power and authority of the Church in medieval times? 63 2.11 What was the power of the written word? 67 2.12 INQUIRY: Was King Arthur real? 71 2.13 INQUIRY: The Magna Carta 72 2.14 What were the changing relations between Islam, Christianity and Judaism in the Middle Ages? 74 2.15 What was the Black Death? 77 2.16 How did the disease spread? 80 2.17 How did people respond to the Black Death? 86 2.18 How did the Black Death change society? 91 2.19 INQUIRY: Tackling a problem from different angles 94 2.20 Review 96 3 Renaissance Italy (c. 1400–1600) 3.1 Overview 3.2 How do we know about Renaissance Italy? 3.3 What were the origins of the Renaissance? 3.4 Why is Florence called the cradle of the Renaissance? 3.5 How did Venice contribute to the Renaissance? 3.6 What was it like to live during the Renaissance? 3.7 How did art, architecture and sculpture change during the Renaissance? 3.8 Who contributed to the scientific revolution? 3.9 How did the Renaissance spread? 3.10 What were the Reformation and Counter-Reformation? 3.11 What were the legacies of the Renaissance? 3.12 INQUIRY: Significant women of the Renaissance 3.13 Review 4 The emergence of the modern world (c. 1500–1650) 106 4.1 Overview 107 4.2 How do we know about the emergence of the modern world? 109 4.3 What caused economic and social change in Early Modern times? 112 4.4 How did the Protestant Reformation bring change? 116 4.5 How did the power of rulers change in Early Modern Europe? 120 4.6 What were the achievements of the Scientific Revolution? 125 4.7 INQUIRY: Historians’ different interpretations of issues in pre-Modern Europe 128 4.8 Review 130 5 Mongol expansion (c. 1206–1368) 5.1 Overview 5.2 How do we know about the Mongol expansion? 5.3 What was China like before Mongol conquest? 5.4 Who were the Mongols? 5.5 How did Temujin come to power? 5.6 How did the Mongols conquer the world? 5.7 What was China like under Mongol rule? 5.8 What was the Yuan court like? 5.9 Was there peace under Mongol rule? 5.10 How did the empire end? 5.11 INQUIRY: Conquering and controlling 5.12 Review 6 The Ottoman Empire 6.1 Overview 6.2 What are the origins of the Ottoman Empire? 6.3 What was the Golden Age of Islam? 6.4 How did the Ottoman Empire expand? 6.5 What caused the fall of Constantinople? 6.6 Who was Suleiman the Magnificent? 6.7 What was life like in the Ottoman Empire? 6.8 What was the Ottoman contribution to art, architecture and literature? 6.9 INQUIRY: Collaborative research 6.10 Review 7 The Vikings (c. 790–1066) 138 7.1 Overview 139 7.2 How do we know about the Vikings? 141 7.3 How did the geography and climate of Scandinavia influence the Viking way of life? 145 7.4 Who were the Vikings and how did they live? 149 7.5 What was the early Viking religion and how did it change? 155 7.6 What was the impact of the developments in longboat technology? 161 7.7 How did Viking craftwork protect the warriors in battle? 165 7.8 Who did the Vikings attack and raid? 169 7.9 Where did the Vikings begin to settle beyond their homelands? 172 7.10 Where did the Vikings develop trade routes? 175 7.11 What are some of the extraordinary achievements of the Vikings? 178 7.12 What are some factors that led to the decline and end of the Viking Age? 183 7.13 INQUIRY: How trustworthy are the sagas? 187 7.14 Review 188 8 The Spanish conquest of the Americas (c. 1492–1572) 194 8.1 Overview 195 8.2 How do we know about the Spanish conquest of the Americas? 197 8.3 Who were the Aztecs? 200 8.4 How did the arrival of the conquistadors change the Americas? 206 8.5 What were the effects of conquest and colonisation? 212 8.6 What were the long-term legacies of conquest and colonisation? 216 8.7 INQUIRY: Spanish conquest exhibition 222 8.8 Review 224 9 Angkor and the Khmer Empire (c. 802–1431) 9.1 Overview 9.2 How do we know about Angkor and the Khmer Empire? 9.3 How much did geography influence Khmer civilisation? 9.4 What was the historical setting? 9.5 How did the Khmer create an empire? 9.6 How did religions influence the Khmer Empire? 9.7 What was life like in the Khmer Empire? 9.8 Why are Angkor’s buildings famous? 9.9 Why did Angkor and the Khmer Empire decline? 9.10 What are the legacies of the Khmer Empire? 9.11 INQUIRY: Contested histories 9.12 Review 10 Japan under the shōguns (c. 794–1867) 230 10.1 Overview 231 10.2 How do we know about Japan under the shōguns? 233 10.3 What was life like in early Japan? 238 10.4 How did the shōguns take control? 243 10.5 How did Japanese society organise itself? 252 10.6 Who were the samurai? 259 10.7 How did people express themselves? 263 10.8 How did they use the land? 268 10.9 How did Japan re-join the world? 271 10.10 INQUIRY: Shintō and Buddhism guide 279 10.11 Review 281 11 Polynesian expansion across the Pacific (c. 700–1756) 286 11.1 Overview 287 11.2 How do we know about the Polynesian expansion across the Pacific? 289 11.3 What is the Polynesian Triangle? 293 11.4 What happened on Rapa Nui? 297 11.5 What was life like in Hawai’i? 302 11.6 Who were the people of Aotearoa? 306 11.7 Were customs and culture the same everywhere? 313 11.8 What happened when Polynesians settled and stayed? 317 11.9 INQUIRY: Religion in Polynesia 322 11.10 Review 324 Geography 328 12 Geography concepts and skills 330 12.1 Overview 331 12.2 Concepts in Geography 332 12.3 Skills used in Geography 340 12.4 SkillBuilder: Recognising land features 12.5 SkillBuilder: Reading contour lines on a map 12.6 SkillBuilder: Using latitude and longitude 12.7 SkillBuilder: Calculating distance using scale 12.8 SkillBuilder: Drawing simple cross-sections 12.9 SkillBuilder: Interpreting an aerial photo 12.10 SkillBuilder: Understanding thematic maps 12.11 SkillBuilder: Comparing population pyramids 12.12 SkillBuilder: Creating and reading compound bar graphs 12.13 SkillBuilder: Reading and describing basic choropleth maps 12.14 SkillBuilder: Drawing a line graph using Excel 12.15 SkillBuilder: Using positional language 12.16 SkillBuilder: Constructing a field sketch 12.17 SkillBuilder: Creating and describing complex overlay maps 12.18 SkillBuilder: Drawing a précis map 12.19 SkillBuilder: Creating and reading pictographs 12.20 SkillBuilder: Describing photographs 12.21 SkillBuilder: Constructing a basic sketch map 12.22 Review 352 13 Landforms and landscapes 354 13.1 Overview 355 13.2 Why do landscapes vary? 356 13.3 What processes shape landscapes? 362 13.4 What landscapes form underground? 368 13.5 What are the landforms and landform regions of Australia? 372 13.6 What are deserts like in Australia and China? 379 13.7 How do the savanna grasslands of Australia and Africa compare? 386 13.8 What makes a rainforest? 390 13.9 INQUIRY: The value of rainforests 396 13.10 Investigating topographic maps — Features of the Daintree rainforest 398 13.11 What cultural significance do landscapes have for First Nations Peoples of Australia? 401 13.12 Why do we preserve and manage landscapes? 406 13.13 Review 410 14 Landscapes formed by water 414 14.1 Overview 415 14.2 What landscapes are formed by water? 416 14.3 What is coastal erosion? 420 14.4 What is the role of deposition in coastal environments? 424 14.5 How are coasts managed? 428 14.6 How do First Nations Australians use coastal environments? 433 14.7 How do coastal landforms compare? 435 14.8 How does water influence river landscapes? 438 14.9 How do people manage river landscapes? 443 14.10 INQUIRY: Coastal environment case study 447 14.11 Investigating topographic maps — Water flows in the Haast River 448 14.12 Review 451 15 Geomorphic hazards 456 15.1 Overview 457 15.2 What are plate tectonics? 458 15.3 How do mountains form? 462 15.4 Where are the world’s mountain ranges? 469 15.5 How do people connect with mountains? 472 15.6 What are earthquakes? 477 15.7 What is a tsunami? 482 15.8 What are the impacts of earthquakes and tsunamis? 486 15.9 What are volcanoes and how are they formed? 491 15.10 Investigating topographic maps — Mount Taranaki, New Zealand 495 15.11 What are the types of volcanoes and how do they erupt? 498 15.12 How do volcanic eruptions affect people? 502 15.13 INQUIRY: Supervolcano report 507 15.14 Review 509 16 Urbanisation and migration 514 16.1 Overview 515 16.2 What is migration? 516 16.3 Why do people migrate between countries? 520 16.4 Why do people migrate within countries? 528 16.5 Why do people migrate from the country to the city? 535 16.6 How have urbanisation patterns changed over time? 540 16.7 What are the advantages and disadvantages of urbanisation? 546 16.8 How do we create sustainable cities? 551 16.9 INQUIRY: Big City Life 559 16.10 Investigating topographic maps — Jakarta 562 16.11 Review 565 17 Our changing urban world 570 17.1 Overview 571 17.2 What is urbanisation? 572 17.3 What are megacities? 577 17.4 What is the impact of urbanisation in Indonesia? 583 17.5 Are growing urban communities sustainable? 589 17.6 Is Australia an urbanised country? 593 17.7 How does urbanisation impact the economy? 598 17.8 INQUIRY: Planning Australia’s newest city 604 17.9 Investigating topographic maps — Liveability in Badu and Moa 606 17.10 Review 609 Civics and Citizenship 614 18 Civics and Citizenship concepts and skills 616 18.1 Overview 617 18.2 Concepts in Civics and Citizenship 618 18.3 Skills in Civics and Citizenship 620 18.4 SkillBuilder: Writing inquiry questions for research 18.5 SkillBuilder: Using the deconstruct–reconstruct method 18.6 SkillBuilder: Developing argument paragraphs 18.7 SkillBuilder: Delivering an oral presentation 18.8 SkillBuilder: Writing and conducting a survey 18.9 SkillBuilder: Writing a submission 18.10 Review 625 19 Australia’s government and democracy 626 19.1 Overview 627 19.2 How do Australians participate in our democracy? 628 19.3 How do we form a government? 632 19.4 How is opinion shaped? 638 19.5 INQUIRY: What is the role of digital media in Australian politics? 643 19.6 Review 646 20 Where do our laws come from? 650 20.1 Overview 651 20.2 Why do we need laws? 652 20.3 How do parliaments make laws? 656 20.4 How do courts make laws? 660 20.5 What is the relationship between parliament and courts in law-making? 666 20.6 What is the difference between civil and criminal law? 671 20.7 What is the role of the law in protecting our rights? 676 20.8 What is customary law in First Nations of Australia communities? 684 20.9 INQUIRY: Does Australia need a bill of rights? 691 20.10 Review 693 21 Citizenship, diversity and identity 698 21.1 Overview 699 21.2 What does national identity mean in a globalised world? 700 21.3 How has Australia’s identity been shaped? 706 21.4 What are the different perspectives on national identity in Australia? 711 21.5 INQUIRY: Change the Date — The future of Australia Day 715 21.6 Review 717 Economics and Business 722 22 Economics and Business concepts and skills 724 22.1 Overview 725 22.2 Concepts in Economics and Business 726 22.3 Skills in Economics and Business 733 22.4 SkillBuilder: Conducting research into prices and markets 22.5 SkillBuilder: Interpreting and explaining supply and demand graphs 22.6 SkillBuilder: Evaluating an opportunity with a cost–benefit analysis 22.7 SkillBuilder: Writing a pitch for a new product / business idea 22.8 Review 736 23 Markets: Consumers, businesses and government 738 23.1 Overview 739 23.2 Who are the participants in the market system? 740 23.3 How do markets operate? 744 23.4 What are key economic questions for businesses? 753 23.5 How is the government involved in the market? 759 23.6 How does Australia’s taxation system work? 766 23.7 INQUIRY: How would you tax the Australian public? 772 23.8 Review 774 24 Achieving economic goals 778 24.1 Overview 779 24.2 What are short-term personal financial goals? 780 24.3 What are long-term personal financial goals? 784 24.4 What is business finance? 790 24.5 How do First Nations Australian communities participate in markets? 796 24.6 What factors influence business opportunities? 800 24.7 How is the workplace changing? 807 24.8 INQUIRY: Financial and business decision-making 819 24.9 Review 821 Glossary 826 Index 840